Skull

The skull is the hard, bony structure that forms the head of humans and many animals. Its main job is to protect the brain, which is one of the most important and delicate organs in the body. The skull also gives shape to the face, holds the eyes, nose, and mouth in place, and provides areas for muscles to attach so that people can chew, talk, and make facial expressions.

The human skull is made up of several [[Bone|bones]] that fit together like a puzzle. In adults, these bones are joined firmly by special connections called sutures. Babies, however, are born with soft spots between skull bones called fontanelles. These soft areas allow the skull to grow and change shape as the baby’s brain develops. Over time, the bones slowly join together to form a solid skull.

The skull has two main parts: the cranium and the facial bones. The cranium surrounds and protects the brain, while the facial bones make up the front of the skull, including the nose, jaws, and eye sockets. The jawbone, or mandible, is the only movable bone in the skull and helps with chewing and speaking. Other bones, like the maxilla (upper jaw), hold the upper teeth and form part of the nose and eye sockets.

The inside of the skull is not smooth—it has curves and openings that hold and protect important parts of the brain, nerves, and blood vessels. For example, holes called foramina let nerves and arteries pass through, connecting the brain to the rest of the body. These small openings are vital for sensing, seeing, smelling, and moving.

In addition to its protective role, the skull helps define each person’s appearance. The shape and size of the skull can differ slightly from person to person, which is why faces look unique. Scientists and doctors can also learn about a person’s health, age, or even ancient history by studying skulls.

The skull is both strong and lightweight. It needs to be strong enough to guard the brain but not so heavy that it slows movement. Taking care of the skull means keeping the head safe—wearing helmets during sports, buckling seatbelts, and avoiding hard impacts help protect the brain and skull from injury.