Ovary

Ovary structure includes an outer cortex containing follicles at various stages of development and an inner medulla rich in blood vessels. At puberty, hormonal signals from the brain awaken dormant follicles. Each menstrual cycle, a cohort of follicles begins to mature, but usually only one reaches ovulation.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) encourages follicles to grow, while luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation midway through the cycle. The dominant follicle ruptures, releasing an oocyte into the fallopian tube where it may meet sperm. The emptied follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone to thicken the uterine lining in case of pregnancy.

If fertilization does not occur, hormone levels drop, the uterine lining sheds as menstruation, and a new cycle begins. Ovarian hormones also maintain bone density, skin elasticity, and cardiovascular health, illustrating how reproductive organs affect the whole body. During pregnancy, hormonal signals shift to support fetal development, and ovulation pauses.

Over a lifetime, ovarian reserve gradually declines. Eventually menopause marks the end of ovulation and a significant change in hormone production. Some individuals experience symptoms such as hot flashes or mood shifts as the body adjusts. Healthcare teams offer guidance on nutrition, exercise, and medical therapies to navigate this transition.

Ovarian health includes screening for cysts, endometriosis, and cancer, which can be hard to detect early. Regular checkups, awareness of family history, and prompt evaluation of persistent pelvic pain or bloating help protect fertility and general wellness. Advances in fertility preservation, hormone therapy, and targeted cancer treatments continue to expand options for patients.