Pancreas

Pancreas is shaped like a flattened tadpole tucked in the curve of the duodenum. Clusters of acinar cells produce digestive enzymes—amylases, lipases, and proteases—that travel through ducts to the small intestine. These enzymes break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins so nutrients can be absorbed efficiently.

Interspersed among the acinar tissue are the islets of Langerhans, tiny endocrine islands that release hormones directly into the blood. Beta cells secrete insulin to lower blood glucose after meals, while alpha cells release glucagon to raise glucose when levels fall. Other hormones such as somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide fine-tune digestion and appetite.

When partially digested food enters the duodenum, hormones like secretin and cholecystokinin signal the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluid and enzymes. Bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid, protecting the intestinal lining and creating the right pH for enzymes to work. The pancreas shares a common duct with the gallbladder, so bile and pancreatic juice often enter the intestine together.

Pancreatic disorders can have serious consequences. Pancreatitis occurs when enzymes activate too early and begin digesting the organ itself, causing inflammation and pain. diabetes arises when insulin production or response falters, leading to chronic high blood sugar. Tumors in the pancreas are difficult to detect early because symptoms may be subtle until disease advances.

Healthy habits—balanced diets, limited alcohol, and regular exercise—support pancreatic function. Doctors monitor blood glucose, conduct imaging tests, and analyze digestive enzymes to detect problems. Advances in islet transplantation, artificial pancreas systems, and enzyme replacement therapy offer hope to patients coping with pancreatic conditions.