Mouth

Mouth structures include the lips, cheeks, palate, teeth, and tongue working as a team. The hard palate forms the roof, separating the oral cavity from the nasal passages, while the soft palate lifts during swallowing to block food from entering the nose. The floor of the mouth supports the tongue and contains openings for salivary ducts.

Saliva flows from the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, bringing enzymes like amylase that start breaking down starches. It moistens food, dissolves flavor molecules for taste buds, and contains antibodies that deter microbes. Together with the tongue and teeth, saliva transforms bites of food into a manageable bolus.

The mouth is also a sensory hub. Taste receptors monitor nutrients, while tactile receptors detect temperature and texture. Nerves of the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal systems carry information to the brain, guiding chewing pressure and signaling when something is too hot or sharp. Reflexes coordinate chewing rhythms and trigger swallowing once food is ready.

Oral tissues form the first barrier of the immune system. The tonsils at the back of the mouth sample incoming pathogens, and constant shedding of cells prevents bacteria from settling. However, poor hygiene, tobacco, or high-sugar diets can lead to plaque buildup, cavities, gum disease, and even systemic inflammation linked to heart problems.

Caring for the mouth involves brushing twice daily, flossing, staying hydrated, and visiting dental professionals regularly. Wearing mouthguards during sports prevents trauma, while balanced nutrition fuels tissue repair. Researchers continue to explore microbiome therapies, 3D-printed dental implants, and smart toothbrushes that coach healthy habits.