Mole

Mole species spend nearly their entire lives underground. Cylindrical bodies, velvety fur that bends in any direction, and shovel-like forelimbs with enlarged claws allow them to excavate elaborate tunnel systems. The star-nosed mole adds 22 fleshy tentacles around its snout, which it uses to sense prey faster than any other mammal.

Moles create two types of tunnels: deep permanent highways for travel and shallow feeding runs just beneath the surface. As they dig, they push soil upward, forming characteristic molehills. Their diet consists mostly of earthworms, beetle larvae, and other soil invertebrates. Saliva of some species paralyzes worms, storing them alive in underground larders for later meals.

Although moles have tiny eyes and limited hearing, they rely on touch and smell to navigate. Vibrations from footsteps alert them to danger, causing rapid reversals through tunnels. They are solitary except during breeding season, when males search for females by following scent trails. Litters of three to five pups mature quickly and disperse to carve out their own territories.

Moles benefit ecosystems by loosening compacted soil, mixing organic matter, and controlling grubs that damage plant roots. However, their raised tunnels can disturb lawns and golf courses. Humane management focuses on tolerating moles in natural areas, installing underground barriers around prized beds, or encouraging predators like owls to keep populations balanced.

Students explore mole adaptations by modeling claw mechanics, mapping tunnel networks, or comparing soil before and after mole activity. By appreciating moles as master gardeners beneath our feet, communities can balance lawn care with wildlife needs.