Mali Empire

The Mali Empire was a large empire in West Africa that lasted from about the 1200s to the 1500s. It grew along the Niger River, which provided water, farmland, and travel routes. The empire covered parts of present-day Mali, Senegal, Guinea, and neighboring regions. Mali became one of the most important centers of trade in Africa during this time.

The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita in the early 1200s. He united several smaller kingdoms after defeating a rival ruler at the Battle of Kirina. Sundiata became the first ruler, called the mansa, which means king or emperor. Under his leadership, Mali developed laws and systems that helped keep order across the empire.

Trade was central to Mali’s strength. Traders exchanged gold, salt, cloth, and other goods across long distances. Gold came from mines in southern areas, while salt was brought from the Sahara Desert. These goods were carried by camel caravans, which were groups of camels traveling together. Trade routes connected Mali to North Africa and the Mediterranean world.

One of the most well-known rulers of Mali was Mansa Musa, who ruled in the early 1300s. During his reign, Mali reached great size and influence. Mansa Musa made a long journey called a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca. A pilgrimage is a religious journey. His travels made Mali widely known in other regions, including Europe and the Middle East.

Cities in the Mali Empire became centers of learning and culture. The city of Timbuktu was especially important. It had mosques, schools, and libraries. Scholars studied subjects such as mathematics, history, and religion. Books were copied by hand and kept in private and public collections. Education played a role in city life, especially for religious leaders and officials.

The Mali Empire began to weaken in the 1400s. Some regions broke away, and trade routes changed. Other powers, such as the Songhai Empire, gained strength nearby. By the late 1500s, Mali was no longer a major empire. Even after its decline, many traditions and stories from the Mali Empire continued among the people of West Africa.