China

China covers more than 9 million square kilometers in East Asia. The country includes the towering Himalayas in the southwest, the Taklamakan and Gobi deserts in the north, and fertile plains along the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. Cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou stand beside modern ports, high-speed rail hubs, and historic sites like the Great Wall and Forbidden City. Southern provinces are humid and subtropical, while northern regions experience cold winters and dusty winds.

China is a socialist republic led by the Communist Party. The National People's Congress passes laws, and the State Council manages ministries that oversee transport, agriculture, technology, and education. Provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities run local services, and the central government builds nationwide projects such as high-speed rail, renewable energy grids, and satellite networks.

Chinese history spans thousands of years, featuring dynasties, philosophers, and inventors who created paper, gunpowder, silk weaving, and the magnetic compass. The Silk Road linked China to Central Asia and Europe, and maritime voyages reached Southeast Asia and Africa. In the 20th century China experienced war, revolution, and reforms that opened its economy to international trade. Today it remains a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

Modern China has a diverse economy that mixes manufacturing, services, and digital innovation. Factories produce electronics, textiles, and high-speed trains, while engineers design rockets and lunar probes. Farmers grow rice, wheat, tea, and fruit, and inland communities raise yaks, goats, and fish. Clean-energy projects add solar farms in deserts and offshore wind turbines along the coast, and smart-city pilots use sensors to guide traffic and reduce pollution.

Culture blends traditional festivals with global media. Lunar New Year brings lanterns, lion dances, and dumplings, while the Dragon Boat Festival honors poet Qu Yuan with racing boats and sticky rice snacks. Students learn Mandarin as the standard language and may also study local languages such as Cantonese, Tibetan, or Uyghur. Museums display calligraphy, pottery, and Terracotta Warriors, and sports fans follow table tennis, basketball, and winter events in cities like Harbin. Families often gather for meals that share rice, noodles, and regional dishes flavored with soy, ginger, and chili.