Russo-Japanese War

The Russo-Japanese War was a conflict between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan. It lasted from 1904 to 1905. The war was fought mainly over control of territories in East Asia, especially Korea and Manchuria. Manchuria is a large region in northeastern China. Both countries wanted influence in this area. The war showed how power in the region was changing at the start of the 20th century.

Before the war, Russia had expanded its influence eastward for many years. It built railways and gained access to warm-water ports. One important port was Port Arthur, located on the Liaodong Peninsula. Japan was also expanding its influence after modern reforms in the late 1800s. Japan wanted to secure Korea, which lies close to Japan and mainland Asia. Tension grew as both countries tried to increase control over the same regions. Diplomatic talks failed, and war began.

The war started in February 1904 when Japanese forces launched a surprise attack on Russian ships at Port Arthur. This attack damaged the Russian fleet in the Pacific. Naval battles played an important role in the war. Japan used a modern navy and well-trained crews. Russia had ships in the Pacific and the Baltic Sea. The Russian Baltic Fleet traveled a long distance around the world to reach East Asia. In 1905, it was defeated by Japan at the Battle of Tsushima.

Fighting also took place on land. Major battles occurred in Manchuria. Japanese armies fought Russian forces in long and difficult campaigns. One of the largest land battles was the Battle of Mukden in 1905. Many soldiers were involved, and the fighting lasted for weeks. Both sides suffered heavy losses. The war required large amounts of supplies, troops, and money from both governments.

As the war continued, Russia faced problems at home. The long war caused economic strain and public unrest. In 1905, protests and strikes spread across Russia. At the same time, Japan was also facing financial pressure. Both sides agreed to seek peace. The United States helped arrange peace talks. These talks took place in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The agreement is called the Treaty of Portsmouth.

The Treaty of Portsmouth ended the war in September 1905. Russia recognized Japan’s control over Korea and transferred some rights in Manchuria to Japan. Japan also gained control of the southern part of Sakhalin Island. The war marked the first time in modern history that an Asian power defeated a European power in a major war. After the war, Japan increased its influence in East Asia, while Russia focused more on internal issues and European affairs.