Herbert Hoover

Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States. He served from 1929 to 1933. His presidency began just before a major economic collapse called the Great Depression. Hoover was also known for his earlier work as an engineer and for organizing large relief efforts to help people during times of crisis.

Herbert Hoover was born on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, Iowa. His parents were Quakers, members of a Christian group that believes in peace and simple living. Both of his parents died when he was young, and Hoover was raised by relatives. As a student, he showed strong skills in math and science. He later attended Stanford University, where he studied geology, which is the study of the Earth. After graduation, Hoover worked as a mining engineer in several countries.

As an engineer, Hoover became successful and well known. He managed mining projects and helped improve how resources were taken from the ground. His work took him to places such as Australia, China, and parts of Europe. During World War I, Hoover shifted his focus from engineering to humanitarian work. Humanitarian work means helping people who are suffering. He organized food relief programs to help civilians in Europe who lacked food because of the war.

After World War I, Hoover continued public service. He became Secretary of Commerce under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. In this role, he worked on issues related to business, trade, and industry. He supported cooperation between private companies and the government. His experience and popularity led him to run for president in 1928, which he won by a large margin.

Soon after Hoover became president, the stock market crashed in October 1929. A stock market crash happens when many people suddenly sell their shares, causing prices to fall sharply. This event marked the beginning of the Great Depression. Banks failed, factories closed, and many people lost their jobs. Hoover believed the economy would recover without large direct aid from the federal government. His response included public works projects, such as the construction of Hoover Dam, but the economic problems continued.

Hoover lost the presidential election of 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. After leaving office, he stayed active in public life. He wrote books, gave advice to later presidents, and led government studies. Hoover lived for many more years and died on October 20, 1964. His life included careers as an engineer, relief organizer, cabinet member, and president, with his presidency closely linked to the early years of the Great Depression.