Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty was a major ruling dynasty in China from 618 to 907. It followed the short-lived Sui dynasty and governed a large and organized empire. During this time, China was unified under a strong central government. The Tang dynasty is known for stable rule, expansion of territory, and active connections with other regions of Asia.

The dynasty was founded by Emperor Gaozu, whose personal name was Li Yuan. After the fall of the Sui dynasty, Li Yuan took control and became emperor in 618. His son, Emperor Taizong, later strengthened the empire. Tang rulers set up clear laws and used officials chosen through examinations. These examinations tested knowledge of writing, history, and government rules.

The capital city of the Tang dynasty was Chang'an. It was one of the largest cities in the world at that time. Chang'an was carefully planned with wide streets and separate areas for homes, markets, and government buildings. People from many regions lived there, including traders and visitors from Central Asia, Korea, Japan, and the Middle East. This made the city a center of exchange.

Trade expanded greatly during the Tang dynasty. Chang'an was the eastern starting point of the Silk Road, a network of trade routes linking China with Central Asia and beyond. Goods such as silk, tea, paper, and ceramics were traded. In return, horses, glass, and metals entered China. Trade helped connect distant regions through regular contact.

Religion and culture were important parts of Tang society. Buddhism spread widely and many temples were built. Daoism and Confucianism were also practiced. Poetry became a major form of writing, and poets such as Li Bai and Du Fu lived during this period. Painting, music, and calligraphy were common activities supported by the court.

The Tang dynasty began to weaken in the late 800s. Rebellions, local military control, and struggles at court reduced central power. One major rebellion was the An Lushan Rebellion, which caused long-lasting damage. In 907, the last Tang emperor was removed from power. China then entered a period of division known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.