Manila

Manila is the capital city of the Philippines. It is located on the western side of the island of Luzon, beside Manila Bay. A bay is a wide curve of the sea that opens into the land. Manila is part of a larger area called Metro Manila, which includes many nearby cities. The city has long been a center of trade, culture, and government. Its position by the sea helped it grow and connect with other parts of Asia and the world.

Before Europeans arrived, Manila was already a busy settlement. It was known as Maynila, a name linked to a local plant that grew along the river. People lived near the Pasig River, which flows into Manila Bay. Traders from nearby islands and from China visited the area. They exchanged goods such as pottery, cloth, and food. Local leaders ruled the settlement, and it was part of regional trade networks in Southeast Asia.

In 1571, the Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi claimed Manila for Spain. The Spanish built a walled city called Intramuros. The word intramuros means “within the walls” in Latin. Inside the walls were churches, government buildings, and houses for Spanish officials. Manila became the capital of the Spanish East Indies. This was Spain’s colonial territory in Asia. From Manila, Spain governed the Philippines for more than 300 years.

Manila became an important link between Asia, the Americas, and Europe. Spanish ships called galleons sailed between Manila and Acapulco in Mexico. This route was known as the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade. Silver from the Americas was brought to Manila, while Asian goods such as silk and spices were sent across the ocean. This trade helped Manila grow as a global port city and brought people from many cultures together.

In the late 1800s, Spanish rule ended after the Spanish–American War. The Philippines then came under American control. During this period, Manila expanded beyond Intramuros. Roads, schools, and public buildings were built. The city was damaged heavily during World War II, especially in the Battle of Manila in 1945. Many buildings were destroyed, and many people were killed. After the war, Manila was rebuilt and became part of an independent Philippines in 1946.

Today, Manila is a crowded and active city. It is home to government offices, universities, museums, and ports. Important places include Rizal Park, named after José Rizal, and the old walls of Intramuros. Manila remains a key center for history, transport, and daily life in the Philippines. Its long past as a trading port and capital continues to shape the city.