Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War was a war fought between France and Prussia from July 1870 to May 1871. Prussia led a group of German states, while France was ruled by Emperor Napoleon III. The war began after political tension and disagreement over influence in Europe. It ended with a clear victory for Prussia and its allies. This conflict changed the balance of power in Europe.

Before the war, Prussia was becoming stronger under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia. Bismarck wanted to unite the German states into one nation. France was concerned about this growth of power near its borders. Tension increased after a dispute over who should become king of Spain. Diplomatic messages were exchanged, including the Ems Dispatch, a message edited by Bismarck that angered France. In July 1870, France declared war on Prussia.

At the start of the fighting, the Prussian-led forces were better prepared. They had a strong army, good organization, and support from other German states. France struggled with poor planning and leadership. Several major battles took place in eastern France. One of the most important was the Battle of Sedan in September 1870. During this battle, Napoleon III was captured by Prussian forces. His capture ended the Second French Empire.

After the defeat at Sedan, France formed a new government called the Third Republic. However, the war continued. Prussian armies moved toward Paris and began a long siege. A siege is a military action where an army surrounds a city and cuts off supplies. The Siege of Paris lasted from September 1870 to January 1871. Food shortages and hardship affected the city. In January 1871, Paris surrendered.

While the war was still ongoing, German leaders met in France. In January 1871, the German Empire was declared at the Palace of Versailles. William I of Prussia was named German Emperor. This event marked the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership. It was a major change in European politics.

The war officially ended with the Treaty of Frankfurt in May 1871. France had to give up the regions of Alsace and part of Lorraine to Germany. It also had to pay a large sum of money as compensation. Prussian and German troops remained in parts of France until the payment was completed. The Franco-Prussian War left lasting effects on relations between France and Germany for many years.