Matterhorn

The Matterhorn is a 4,478-meter mountain that rises where Switzerland meets Italy. Its four sharp ridges form a pyramid that children can spot from the villages of Zermatt and Breuil-Cervinia. Glaciers, winds, and frost carved the peak’s shape over millions of years, and today the mountain still slowly changes as ice melts and rocks crack. Visitors admire the snow crown, and scientists measure the ice to learn how high mountains grow and shrink.

The first recorded climb happened in 1865 when Edward Whymper’s rope team reached the top along the Hörnli Ridge. A tragic fall on the way down reminded the world that the mountain was beautiful but dangerous. Guides now limit rope teams to small groups and check every harness, helmet, and crampon before allowing climbers to leave the Hörnli Hut. The Lion Ridge on the Italian side and the steeper north faces give advanced mountaineers new challenges, while beginners practice on nearby slopes.

Keeping people safe on the Matterhorn requires constant watch. Rescuers train with helicopters, long-line lifts, and search dogs to help anyone hurt by altitude sickness, loose rocks, or sudden storms. Engineers maintain the Gornergrat Railway and cable cars so that visitors who are not climbing can still enjoy views from observation decks. The municipality of Zermatt bans cars that burn gasoline, so quiet electric shuttles and trains bring tourists and supplies into the valley.

Climate change is melting glaciers and the frozen soil called permafrost that once glued the peak together. When permafrost thaws, rocks loosen and can fall, so trails sometimes close during summer heat waves. Scientists install metal probes deep in the ridge to monitor temperature, while drone teams create 3D maps to compare from year to year. Park rangers and school groups repair eroded paths, collect trash, and teach visitors about respecting alpine habitats for ibex, chamois, and alpine accentor birds.

Tourism supports local family businesses. Children learn about geology in the Matterhorn Museum, taste cheese on alpine farms, and hike storytelling trails that explain legends about the mountain. Guides remind everyone to pack layers, sunscreen, water, and to start excursions early to avoid afternoon storms. By mixing care, science, and tradition, the communities around the Matterhorn protect a world-famous mountain while keeping it welcoming for the next generation.